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overdose
CNS depressents like sedatives, narcotics, and alcohol carry greatest risk
psychological dependence
when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings for the drug; more subtle side effects and possible with all recreational drugs
physical drug dependence
when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawwal illness
MDMA
produces a warm, friendly euphoria
alcohol
produces relaxed euphoria, decreases inhibitions
cannabis
produce mild, relaxed euphoria
hallucinogens
distort sensory and perceptual experience
stimulants
increase CNS activity
sedatives
sleep inducing
narcotics (opiates)
pain relieving
hypnosis
state of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation and suggestibility
meditation
family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control; marked by increase in alpha and theta waves but decrease in heart rate, skin conductance, respiration, and o2 use
biological (activation synthesis) view of dreaming
dreams are an attempt of the cortex to interpret random neural firing during sleep
problem solving view of dreaming
dreams are constructed from the daily issues of the dreamer
psychoanalytic view of dreaming
dreams are a window into the unconscious and have hidden meaning
REM without atonia
person doesn't become paralyzed during rem sleep and acts out their dreams
sleep walking
somnambulism; first 2 hours of sleep while in sws. may last 15 seconds to 30 minutes
narcolepsy
falling asleep durin the day
sleep apnea
awakening brought on by cessation of breathing during sleep
night terrors
episodess of intense panic that occur during delta (stage 4) sleep early in the night
nightmares
vivid fear-evoking dreams that occur during REM
insomnia
inability to achieve or maintain sleep; characterized by trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, persistent early morning awakening; 35% of adults report insomnia and 15% have it severe/frequent; causes are stress, depression, or sleeping pills
sleep deprivation
alters immune function and can lead to early death; hallucinations and perceptual disorder; 3 to 4 days max
sleep stage 5
REM, EEG similar to awake, vivid dreaming; initally a few minutes, progressively longer as cycle through the stages
sleep stages 3 & 4
slow-wave sleep (30 mins)
sleep stage 2
sleep spindles; 10-25 minutes
sleep stage 1
brief, transitional (1-7 minutes)
physiological characteristics of sleep
brain wave activity (seen in EEG), paralysis of muscles (EMG), cardiovascular changes (alternating cycles of arousal)
behavioral characterstics of sleep
minimal movement, sterotyped prone posture, require a high degree of stimulation to arouse organism
electrooculograph
eye movements
electromyography
muscle activity
electroencephalograph
brain electical activity
delta waves
deep sleep
theta waves
light sleep
alpha waves
deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation
beta waves
normal waking though,, alert problem solving
neurotransmitters that are bases of sleep
acetylcholine and serotonin; also norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA
brain structures that are the bases of sleep
ascending reticular activating system; pons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system
effects of circadian rhythms
changes in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions, alertness, STM, cognitive functioning, jet lag (easier to fly west than east)
circadian rhythms
24-hour biological cycles found in humans and other species; actually run 24.2 hours; controlled partially by light; suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus signals release of melatonin which also adjusts our clock
subliminal perception
notion that brief exposure to sub-threshold stimuli c an influence awareness
unconscious
mental events that are inaccessible to awareness; events are actively kept out of awareness
preconscious
mental events that can be brought to awareness
conscious
mental events that you're aware of
Freud says that consciousness is formed of
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
day-dreams
shifts of attention toward internal thoughts/imagined scenarios; college kids spend up to 0% of walk time in a daydream
functions of attentional processes
orienting function toward the environment, control of the content of consciousness (picking what we think about), maintaining alertness
attention
process by which we focus our awareness; concept that we are only capable of focusing on a small amount of the stimuli around us at any one time
lowered awareness
for activities with very low levels of awareness (like sleep or anesthetization)
automatic processes
for activities that can be carried out at the same time as other activities
controlled processes
for activities that require almost undivided attention
consciousness
personal awareness
4 components of consciousness-- awareness of
external events, internal sensations or reactions, self as experiencing these events, thoughts about the experiences
functions of consciousness
monitoring mental events, control (allows us to formulate and reach goals), may have evolved to direct/control behavior in adaptive ways
consciousness: definition
constantlhy moving stream of thoughts, feelings, emotions (william james); subjective awareness of internal and external stimuli
